A Re-Evaluation of Sulfur Budgets, Lifetimes, and Scavenging Ratios for Eastern North America   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

GARY S. WOJCIK  JULIUS S. CHANG 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1997,26(2):109-145

Lifetimes, scavenging ratios, andbudgets describe the cycling of atmosphericconstituents and are often used in formulating airpollution control strategies. Most previous studiesof sulfur lifetimes, budgets, and scavenging ratioshave been based on limited observational data or datafrom highly simplified models. The Regional AcidDeposition Model (RADM2.61) shows some skill inpredicting atmospheric mixing ratios of acidicmaterials and other related trace constituents andacid deposition patterns in North America, and so,analysis of its established, theoretical, databaseserves as a counterpoint to previous studies of sulfurbudgets, lifetimes, and scavenging ratios. The annualbudget shows that the net transport (outflow minusinflow) of sulfur compounds out of eastern NorthAmerica is equal to the total deposition within thedomain. Of the total deposition, 63% is from wetdeposition and 37% is from dry deposition. Theannual average lifetime of sulfur dioxide (38 hours),estimated by the turnover time, is limited by aqueousconversion, while that for sulfate aerosols (54 hours)is limited by their removal in precipitation. Theannual average lifetime of sulfur in this domain isslightly more than three days. Episodic lifetimes andbudgets, based on particular synoptic situations, showlarge variations around the annual values. Episodicprecipitation scavenging ratios exhibit similarvariability and are used to offer explanations ofseveral potential biases found in the wet sulfurdeposition amounts as predicted by the EMEP sulfurtransport model and other published results.  相似文献   

Communicating uncertainty in spatial databases   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

GARY J HUNTER  MICHAEL F GOODCHILD 《Transactions in GIS》1996,1(1):13-24

As applications of spatial databases become more sophisticated and diverse, an issue of growing concern is the inability to communicate to users the uncertainty of products derived from their systems. This is important not only because users should be able to compare the quality of database outputs against the quality requirements of their tasks (in order to determine product suitability), but also to protect the integrity of past, present, and future decisions that may be made through the use of such information. While there has already been considerable research undertaken to develop models of spatial data error and uncertainty, there is an additional requirement for the results of these models to be effectively conveyed to users. This paper reviews advances now being made in communicating the uncertainty of spatial databases which may soon assist users in overcoming this critical barrier.  相似文献   

藏东玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿床成岩成矿系统时间跨度分析   总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7  

梁华英  莫济海  孙卫东  喻亨祥  张玉泉  Charllote M. ALLEN 《岩石学报》2008,24(10):2352-2358

藏东玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿床是目前西藏发现的最大斑岩铜矿床,含铜岩体主要由早期石英二长斑岩及晚期正长花岗斑岩组成。本文用LA-ICP-MS法测定早期石英二长斑岩及晚期正长花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄及Ar-Ar法测定钾质蚀变带黑云母的Ar-Ar年龄,发现玉龙含矿斑岩体早期石英二长斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄(41.3±0.3Ma, MSWD=0.92)与晚期正长花岗斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄(41.3±0.2Ma, MSWD=1.24)基本相同,也和黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄(41.7±0.8Ma)及等时线年龄(41.3±0.8Ma)在误差范围内一致。玉龙斑岩铜矿早期及晚期岩体锆石U-Pb年龄一致表明含矿岩体在地质上的早期及晚期主要是岩浆在较短时间内脉动侵入所致。玉龙含矿岩体锆石U-Pb年龄(封闭温度约800℃)、³⁹Ar-⁴⁰Ar 年龄(封闭温度约300℃)及前人获得的Re-Os年龄40.1±1.8Ma(封闭温度约500℃)在误差范围内基本一致,表明含矿岩体岩体快速冷却,玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿床成岩成矿系统时间跨度小于1Ma。  相似文献   

Zoisite--Anorthite--Calcite Stability Relations in H2O--CO2 Fluids at 5000 Bars: An Experimental and SEM Study     

ALLEN  JOHN M.; FAWCETT  J. J. 《Journal of Petrology》1982,23(2):215-239

The reaction 2 zoisite + CO₂ = 3 anorthite + calcite + H₂O hasbeen reversed experimentally in cold-seal pressure vessels usingnatural phases and H2O–C02 fluids generated by water-silveroxalate mixtures. Equilibrium has been determined at 5000 50bars, 599 9 °C and 0–075 ± 0–010 X_{CO2.Extrapolation using the MRK equation of Kerrick & Jacobs(1981) gives an equilibrium curve of negative T–X slopeconsistent with bracketing runs at 500, 550 and 650 °C.The curve agrees only with a new bracket of Nitsch (in Hoschek,1980), and is at higher XCo2} than all other experimental determinationsand at lower XCO₂ than those calculated from the thermodynamicdata of Helgeson et al. (1978). Discrepancies are attributedto differences in starting materials and small errors in thethermodynamic properties of the phases. Reaction direction and equilibrium have been determined by observingsurface textures of run products by SEM. Growth and solutiontextures are non-equivalent, permitting unequivocal determinationof reaction direction even where the extent of reaction is small,an advantage over conventional and insensitive XRD methods whichmeasure bulk changes in the charge. Dissolution features ofanorthite and zoisite are defect-related indicating controlby surface reaction, whereas calcite dissolves by both surfacereaction and diffusion controlled processes. Margarite forms in most runs below 585 °C. Textural features,its restriction to the margarite stability field and comparisonwith feldspar solubility data demonstrate it is an equilibriumphase formed by incongruent solubility of anorthite and zoisitein H₂O-CO₂ fluids. Quench phases formed from the solute areconsequently silica-rich, with implications for metasomaticprocesses in feldspar–epidote–bearing rock and fluidsystems. Absence of margarite from runs with anorthite, zoisiteand calcite in the zoisite stability field is apparently dueto the fast growth rate of zoisite. The full equilibrium assemblageis zoisite–anorthite–calcite–margarite atthese temperatures, and the degeneracy of the model system isunobtainable in experiments, and presumably, in nature.  相似文献   

Sediment dispersal and palaeohydraulics of Oligocene rivers in the eastern Ebro Basin     

PHILIP ALLEN  MARIA MANGE-RAJETZKY 《Sedimentology》1982,29(5):705-716

Mapping of heavy mineral associations and diagnostic accessories in Oligocene sediments of the eastern Ebro Basin has revealed two major provinces and several sub-provinces. The Pyrenean Province is characterized by an apatite-tourmaline-garnet association with diagnostic staurolite in the west (western Pyrenean Sub-Province) and micaceous composite grains plus chloritoid in the east (eastern Pyrenean Sub-Province). The Catalanides Province is characterized by an ultrastable angular brown tourmaline-staurolite association with kyanite in the south-west (Montsant Sub-Province), faceted garnets and rounded tourmalines in an intermediate position (St Miquel del Montclar Sub-Province) and in the north-east rounded and green tourmalines admixed with clinopyroxene, apatite and micas derived from the Pyrenees (Montserrat Sub-Province). Palaeodischarges have been estimated from 30 channels distributed throughout both major provinces. A gradual decrease in river discharge through Oligocene times is indicated for the rivers of Catalanides parentage, although the discharges of high-sinuosity streams alone remain uniform. This decrease through time of Catalanides drainage competitiveness is reflected in the greater areal extent of the Pyrenean petrological province together with a progressive displacement south or south-eastwards of basinal lacustrine facies. The increasing dominance of Pyrenean drainage during the Oligocene may be due to more prolonged tectonic activity in the Pyrenees compared to the more quiescent Catalanides.  相似文献   

Floodplain sedimentology of the Squamish River, British Columbia: relevance of element analysis   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

GARY J. BRIERLEY 《Sedimentology》1991,38(4):735-750

Element analysis of modern-day floodplains provides a framework for characterizing associations amongst depositional forms, the processes responsible for them and their local depositional environment. From interpretation of the spatial association of elements, mechanisms of floodplain evolution can be analysed. The Squamish River, in southwestern British Columbia, is a high-energy, gravel-based river, which exhibits a distinct downstream gradation in channel planform type. The floodplain sedimentology of this river is evaluated using an element approach. Five elements, defined on the basis of their morphological outline, position within sediment sequences and sedimentological character, describe the floodplain sedimentology: (i) top-stratum, (ii) chute channel; (iii) ridge; (iv) bar platform; (v) basal channel gravels. The sedimentological composition of each element is described. Each of these units relates directly to morphostratigraphic units which make up contemporary bars of the Squamish River. Associations among facies defined at the bedform scale, morphostratigraphic units on bar surfaces and elemental floodplain features are described and explained. The vertical stacking arrangement of elements is analysed in trenches (dug perpendicular to the main channel) and in bank exposures. Two elemental sedimentology models are proposed. In the first model, bar platform sands are discontinuous above basal channel gravels. Chute channel, ridge and proximal topstratum elements form thick sequences above. The second model is characterized by sequences in which distal top-stratum deposits are observed. In these instances, bar platform sands are better preserved beneath the distal top-stratum element, with proximal top-stratum elements above. The applicability of these models is determined primarily by position on the floodplain. Chute channel reworking of floodplain sediments and replacement by top-stratum elements is the dominant process marginal to contemporary bars. Sites in which channel avulsion has resulted in preservation of distal top-stratum deposits in the midsequence of the present-day channel banks determine the occurrence of the second model. Although channel planform style changes down-valley in the study reach from braided to meandering, these two models apply in each reach. It is concluded that processes operative at the element scale, rather than the channel planform scale, determine floodplain sedimentology.  相似文献   

Amalgamated accumulations resulting from climatic and eustatic changes, Akchar Erg, Mauritania   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

GARY KOCUREK  KAREN G. HAVHOLM  MAX DEYNOUX  RONALD C. BLAKEY 《Sedimentology》1991,38(4):751-772

The Akchar Erg of the Sahara of western Mauritania shows a morphology and stratigraphy that can be recognized as the amalgamation of late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits that reflect eustatic and climatic events. Mapping, trenching, and dating by ¹⁴C methods and artefacts show that the prominent complex linear dunes (draas) of the Akchar Erg are actually composite features showing at least three constructional and two destructional phases. The constructional phases are represented by three convex-up layers: (i) a modern veneer moulded into superimposed crescentic dunes, which partially mantle the larger linear bedforms; (ii) a middle, partly root-turbated sand deposited sometime during the last 4000 years; and (iii) a core of linear dune sand formed during the last glacial period (13 000–20 000 yr BP), which today shows relict relief, intense root-turbation, and pedogenesis. These constructional phases are separated by super bounding surfaces that coincide with erg destructional phases. Surface 2 bounds the middle aeolian sand, and is marked by a lag surface of small granules. Surface 1 is a very prominent surface with an abundance of Neolithic artefacts, and represents stabilization of the linear dunes during the humid, interglacial period (4000–11 000 yr BP). Interdraa deposits originated during the interglacial period, and consist of continental lacustrine limestones and sandstones, humic sands deposited in marshes, and sabkhas on the coast. The sabkhas originated during interglacial highstand of sea-level when interdraa areas were marine embayments, and subsequently dried during regression. The draa and interdraa sequences, therefore, in spite of being adjacent facies, actually represent different events and were not formed simultaneously. The upwind sand-sheet margin of the Akchar Erg shows exposures of the middle and core aeolian sands (which were previously protected from deflation by vegetation) being progressively cannibilized in the current phase of erg construction, and revealing a crystalline basement rock. In this proximal area, conditions are not favourable for the incorporation of these aeolian accumulations into the stratigraphic record.  相似文献   

Determination of Niobium in 15 USGS Standard Rocks by NEutron Activation Analysis     

R.O. ALLEN  E. STEINNES 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1979,3(1):57-60

The niobium concentrations in 15 U.S.G.S. standard rocks were measured by neutron activation analysis. The niobium was separated from the rock matrix (in the presence of ⁹⁵Nb tracer, which was used to measure the fraction recovered) before irradiation to improve the sensitivity. Results of this work are compared with those obtained by other techniques. Some results obtained by multielement X-ray fluorescence procedures agree well with the present data, but a systematic disagreement exists between these and the spectrophotometric data.  相似文献   

A REVIEW OF THE ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RECENT ALLUVIAL SEDIMENTS   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12  

J. R. L. ALLEN 《Sedimentology》1965,5(2):89-191

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THE CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-STRATIFIED UNITS, FURTHER DISCUSSlON     

J. R. L. ALLEN 《Sedimentology》1965,5(3):252-254

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